![]() ![]() In the quantum-mechanical description, matter at absolute zero is in its ground state, the point of lowest internal energy. It is commonly thought of as the lowest temperature possible, but it is not the lowest enthalpy state possible, because all real substances begin to depart from the ideal gas when cooled as they approach the change of state to liquid, and then to solid and the sum of the enthalpy of vaporization (gas to liquid) and enthalpy of fusion (liquid to solid) exceeds the ideal gas's change in enthalpy to absolute zero. The corresponding Kelvin and Rankine temperature scales set their zero points at absolute zero by definition. The theoretical temperature is determined by extrapolating the ideal gas law by international agreement, absolute zero is taken as −273.15 degrees on the Celsius scale ( International System of Units), which equals −459.67 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale ( United States customary units or imperial units). The fundamental particles of nature have minimum vibrational motion, retaining only quantum mechanical, zero-point energy-induced particle motion. Zero kelvin (−273.15 ☌) is defined as absolute zero.Ībsolute zero is the lowest limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken as zero kelvin. JSTOR ( December 2022) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message).Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. ![]() This article needs additional citations for verification. ![]()
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